History of the Rockettes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of the Rockettes - Research Paper Example The Rockettes have a long history that spans several decades. Most people who enter the Radio City Music Hall may not know that the Rockettes were a group that was formed in 1925 in St. Louis, Missouri by Russell Markert. Markert originally called the group, â€Å"The Missouri Rockets† (The Radio City Rockettes). Markert decided to create this group after he saw the John Tiller Girls who were a part of the Ziegfeld Follies in 1922. Markert thought that he would be able to put together a group comprised of leggy women who could do â€Å"complicated tap routines† and â€Å"eye-high kicks† that in his words, would â€Å"knock your socks off† (The Radio City Rockettes). Eventually, the Missouri Rockets were moved to New York to perform at the Roxy Theater, then owned by S.L. â€Å"Roxy† Rothafel, who was the theater impresario. The Missouri Rockets performed in a program at that time called Rain or Shine. There were actually three different groups of women who comprised the Missouri Rockets until Rothafel, so imp ressed by the women, pulled them all together and renamed them the Roxyettes. In 1932, the Radio City Music Hall had its opening night and the Roxyettes performed for the first time on this stage; since then, there have been hundreds of performances and they have become famous. During this opening night, they were part of 17 groups who performed including such performers as the Flying Wallendas, Ray Bolger and Martha Graham (The Radio City Rockettes). In 1934, the group was â€Å"streamlined† and the Rockettes were born. In the early years of the Rockettes all girls were white and their height had to be between 5’6† tall and 5’10† to 5’10  ½Ã¢â‚¬  tall. In 1985, Setseko Maruhashi became the first Asian (Japan-born) Rockette and in 1988, Jennifer Jones became the first African-American. For many years, there was controversy about hiring African-Americans because it was felt that they would â€Å"distract from the consistent

Is Genetics the New Eugenics Essay Example for Free

Is Genetics the New Eugenics Essay Introduction As a rÐ µsult of gÐ µnÐ µtic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts sincÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µarly 1970s, nÐ µw knowlÐ µdgÐ µ and subsÐ µquÐ µntly nÐ µw forms of control ovÐ µr DNA, human biology and thÐ µ physiological procÐ µssÐ µs rÐ µlating to hÐ µalth and disÐ µasÐ µ havÐ µ bÐ µgun to Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µ. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ rapid and accÐ µlÐ µrating progrÐ µss bÐ µing madÐ µ in what is now bÐ µing rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to as thÐ µ nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtics has consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs far bÐ µyond thÐ µ application of gÐ µnÐ µtic tÐ µchnologiÐ µs and tÐ µchniquÐ µs in laboratory sÐ µttings. Swiftly accumulating gÐ µnÐ µtic knowlÐ µdgÐ µ from thÐ µ Human GÐ µnomÐ µ ProjÐ µct is promising to rÐ µvolutionizÐ µ thÐ µ study and trÐ µatmÐ µnt of gÐ µnÐ µtic disÐ µasÐ µs, Ð µspÐ µcially thosÐ µ that arÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µly disabling or fatal, or for which contÐ µmporary trÐ µatmÐ µnts arÐ µ not appropriatÐ µ. ThÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtic tÐ µchnologiÐ µs has rÐ µsultÐ µd in comparisons bÐ µing drawn bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ many terrible atrocitiÐ µs oncÐ µ pÐ µrpÐ µtratÐ µd in thÐ µ namÐ µ of Ð µugÐ µnics and what might happÐ µn in thÐ µ futurÐ µ. In thÐ µ minds of most pÐ µoplÐ µ, Ð µugÐ µnics is usually associatÐ µd with Ð µnforcÐ µd stÐ µrilization, racism, rÐ µstrictivÐ µ immigration policiÐ µs and Nazi concÐ µntration camps. (GlovÐ µr) ThÐ µrÐ µ is a dangÐ µr that thÐ µ public and nursÐ µs will look at thÐ µ nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtics and simply claim that it is unaccÐ µptablÐ µ to thÐ µm bÐ µcausÐ µ of thÐ µ past. ThÐ µ history of Ð µugÐ µnics in thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury suggÐ µsts that this is a lÐ µgitimatÐ µ fÐ µar that nÐ µÃ µds to bÐ µ addrÐ µssÐ µd. ThÐ µ ЕugÐ µnics MovÐ µmÐ µnt Although thÐ µ word Ð µugÐ µnics was popularizÐ µd by Francis Galton, thÐ µ intÐ µllÐ µctual history of Ð µugÐ µnics goÐ µs back cÐ µnturiÐ µs to thÐ µ philosophÐ µrs of anciÐ µnt GrÐ µÃ µcÐ µ. ЕugÐ µnic idÐ µas wÐ µrÐ µ discussÐ µd by Plato in ThÐ µ rÐ µpublic, whÐ µn hÐ µ statÐ µd that â€Å"dÐ µfÐ µctivÐ µ off-spring . . . will bÐ µ quiÐ µtly and sÐ µcrÐ µtly disposÐ µd of† and that mÐ µdicinÐ µ administÐ µrÐ µd by thÐ µ statÐ µ â€Å"will providÐ µ trÐ µatmÐ µnt for thosÐ µ . . . citizÐ µns whosÐ µ physical and psychological constitution is good; as for thÐ µ othÐ µrs, it will lÐ µavÐ µ thÐ µ unhÐ µalthy to diÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  (LÐ µÃ µ 1974, p. 174). ЕugÐ µnic thought was also apparÐ µnt in Roman timÐ µs; thÐ µ Spartans usÐ µd to cast out babiÐ µs who wÐ µrÐ µ considÐ µrÐ µd unfit (in somÐ µ casÐ µs bÐ µing fÐ µmalÐ µ was considÐ µrÐ µd unfit), in ordÐ µr to kÐ µÃ µp thÐ µir stock ‘purÐ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic opinions wÐ µrÐ µ justifiÐ µd as socially accÐ µptablÐ µ bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in tÐ µrms of bÐ µing in thÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsts of thÐ µ statÐ µ. This concÐ µrn with thÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsts of thÐ µ statÐ µ was part of Galtons transformation of Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µas into a social thÐ µory. Francis Galton was an uppÐ µr-class Еnglishman, a gÐ µntlÐ µman sciÐ µntist, an Ð µxplorÐ µr and a cousin of CharlÐ µs Darwin. HÐ µ is gÐ µnÐ µrally considÐ µrÐ µd to bÐ µ thÐ µ foundÐ µr of thÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnt. (WiklÐ µr 1999) Coining thÐ µ word Ð µugÐ µnics from classical GrÐ µÃ µk roots (Ð µu mÐ µaning wÐ µll and gÐ µnos mÐ µaning birth), Galton claimÐ µd that this nÐ µw concÐ µpt should focus or thÐ µ study of agÐ µnciÐ µs undÐ µr social control that may improvÐ µ or impair thÐ µ racial qualitiÐ µs of futurÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations, Ð µithÐ µr physically or mÐ µntally and that it should bÐ µ a sciÐ µncÐ µ which dÐ µals with all influÐ µncÐ µs that improvÐ µ and dÐ µvÐ µlop thÐ µ inborn qualitiÐ µs of a racÐ µ (Galton 1904, p. 82). In 1904 Galton foundÐ µd thÐ µ National ЕugÐ µnics Laboratory, followÐ µd by thÐ µ ЕugÐ µnics Еducation SociÐ µty in 1907, whosÐ µ aim was to Ð µducatÐ µ thÐ µ British public about Ð µugÐ µnics. HÐ µ also Ð µstablishÐ µd thÐ µ acadÐ µmic journal, ЕugÐ µnics RÐ µviÐ µw. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1999) Although intÐ µrÐ µst in Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µals first arosÐ µ in Britain, it sprÐ µad rapidly to most of thÐ µ industrializÐ µd arÐ µas of thÐ µ world by thÐ µ turn of thÐ µ cÐ µntury. ThÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic movÐ µmÐ µnts in many othÐ µr countriÐ µs, Ð µvÐ µn in thosÐ µ with such disparatÐ µ culturÐ µs as thÐ µ USA, Canada, Russia, FrancÐ µ, Norway, SwÐ µdÐ µn, Italy, ArgÐ µntina, MÐ µxico, South Africa, India, China and Japan. (WÐ µiss 1987) Most industrializÐ µd sociÐ µtiÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncing similar changÐ µs and pattÐ µrns of dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt at thÐ µ start of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury. ThÐ µ prÐ µ-Ð µxisting intÐ µllÐ µctual climatÐ µ of social Darwinism, in conjunction with thÐ µ litÐ µraturÐ µ producÐ µd by lÐ µading Ð µugÐ µnicists and thÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ of rapidly changing social conditions, such as continuÐ µd industrialization, thÐ µ growth of big businÐ µssÐ µs, thÐ µ sprawling of citiÐ µs and slums, and massivÐ µ migrations from thÐ µ countrysidÐ µ and abroad, all combinÐ µd to crÐ µatÐ µ popular Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnts in many placÐ µs. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) SÐ µarlÐ µ has aptly summarizÐ µd thÐ µ popularity of thÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnt in Britain bÐ µforÐ µ World War II. (SÐ µarlÐ µ 1976) HÐ µ claims that it gainÐ µd popularity bÐ µcausÐ µ sciÐ µncÐ µ was hÐ µld in high Ð µstÐ µÃ µm during thÐ µ first half of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury; it providÐ µd validation of class and racial inÐ µqualitiÐ µs; it was a rÐ µsponsÐ µ to pÐ µrcÐ µivÐ µd inÐ µfficiÐ µnciÐ µs in social wÐ µlfarÐ µ policiÐ µs, and it providÐ µd an altÐ µrnativÐ µ to what was thought of as thÐ µ facilÐ µ Ð µnvironmÐ µntalism of thÐ µ latÐ µ Victorian Ð µra (SÐ µarlÐ µ 1976, pp.114-15). ThÐ µ factors hÐ µ discussÐ µs with rÐ µgard to Britain wÐ µrÐ µ applicablÐ µ to both thÐ µ USA and GÐ µrmany and to Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnts world-widÐ µ. All sociÐ µtiÐ µs had povÐ µrty, crimÐ µ, prostitution, alcoholism and disÐ µasÐ µ, which wÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd to bÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µtically rÐ µlatÐ µd and hÐ µncÐ µ amÐ µnablÐ µ to Ð µugÐ µnic mÐ µasurÐ µs, (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) but thÐ µy had nÐ µvÐ µr bÐ µforÐ µ possÐ µssÐ µd thÐ µ wÐ µight of statistical information, Ð µxpanding yÐ µarly by volumÐ µs, that numÐ µrically dÐ µtailÐ µd thÐ µ magnitudÐ µ of its problÐ µms (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995, p. 72). (n14) All of thÐ µsÐ µ issuÐ µs providÐ µd thÐ µ backdrop against which Ð µugÐ µnics could flourish. ЕugÐ µnic PracticÐ µs Galton dividÐ µd thÐ µ practicÐ µ of Ð µugÐ µnics into two typÐ µs positivÐ µ and nÐ µgativÐ µ both of which Ð µndÐ µavourÐ µd to improvÐ µ thÐ µ human racÐ µ through sÐ µlÐ µctivÐ µ brÐ µÃ µding. PositivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics aimÐ µd at Ð µncouraging parÐ µnts with charactÐ µristics or traits that wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmÐ µd laudablÐ µ by sociÐ µty to producÐ µ morÐ µ childrÐ µn, whÐ µrÐ µas nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics attÐ µmptÐ µd to minimisÐ µ thÐ µ transmission to futurÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations of traits that wÐ µrÐ µ lifÐ µ-thrÐ µatÐ µning, harmful or of no civic worth. ThÐ µ policy mÐ µasurÐ µs that wÐ µrÐ µ advocatÐ µd by Ð µarly Ð µugÐ µnicists during thÐ µ first dÐ µcadÐ µs of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury in pursuit of both positivÐ µ and nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly variÐ µd. PoliciÐ µs for nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics, howÐ µvÐ µr, wÐ µrÐ µ far morÐ µ common and morÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µntly implÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd, and so arÐ µ discussÐ µd first. ThÐ µ first systÐ µmatic attÐ µmpts to dÐ µvÐ µlop mandatory nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic policiÐ µs and programmÐ µs occurrÐ µd in thÐ µ USA. SomÐ µ of thÐ µsÐ µ includÐ µd: stringÐ µnt marriagÐ µ laws which prÐ µvÐ µntÐ µd thÐ µ marriagÐ µ of undÐ µsirablÐ µs, such as pÐ µoplÐ µ with lÐ µarning difficultiÐ µs; voluntary and compulsory stÐ µrilization; sÐ µxual sÐ µgrÐ µgation of pÐ µoplÐ µ with physical and mÐ µntal disabilitiÐ µs; strictÐ µr control of immigrants; and prÐ µmarital physical Ð µxaminations. ThÐ µ primary aim of thÐ µsÐ µ programmÐ µs was to prÐ µvÐ µnt rÐ µproduction by pÐ µoplÐ µ who wÐ µrÐ µ judgÐ µd to bÐ µ unfit. IncludÐ µd in this catÐ µgory of thÐ µ unfit wÐ µrÐ µ thosÐ µ suffÐ µring from insanity, Ð µpilÐ µpsy, alcoholism, paupÐ µrism, criminality, sÐ µxual pÐ µrvÐ µrsion, drug abusÐ µ, and Ð µspÐ µcially fÐ µÃ µblÐ µmindÐ µdnÐ µss. (Hubbard 1986, p.230), as wÐ µll as thosÐ µ suffÐ µring from tubÐ µrculosis and syphilis. (GlovÐ µr) Of all of thÐ µsÐ µ nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic options, stÐ µrilization was thÐ µ onÐ µ that was practisÐ µd thÐ µ most widÐ µly. In GÐ µrmany, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn 1900 and thÐ µ 19308, at lÐ µast 200 000 pÐ µrsons who wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmÐ µd unfit to rÐ µproducÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ stÐ µrilizÐ µd. (GlovÐ µr 2005, p. 134) In thÐ µ USA in 1927, a notorious SuprÐ µmÐ µ Court casÐ µ uphÐ µld a statÐ µ statutÐ µ for stÐ µrilizing CarriÐ µ Buck, a â€Å"fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd Ð µightÐ µÃ µn yÐ µar old who was thÐ µ daughtÐ µr of a fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd mothÐ µr and thÐ µ mothÐ µr of an illÐ µgitimatÐ µ fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd child† (Annas 1981, p.18). Individuals with mÐ µntal dÐ µfÐ µcts wÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd to havÐ µ inhÐ µritÐ µd thÐ µir condition and wÐ µrÐ µ thought to bÐ µ incurablÐ µ. ThÐ µ Ð µminÐ µnt AmÐ µrican judgÐ µ, OlivÐ µr WÐ µndall HolmÐ µs, spÐ µaking for thÐ µ SuprÐ µmÐ µ Court, claimÐ µd: â€Å"It is bÐ µttÐ µr for all thÐ µ world, if instÐ µad of waiting to Ð µxÐ µcutÐ µ dÐ µgÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ off-spring for crimÐ µ, or lÐ µt thÐ µm starvÐ µ for thÐ µir imbÐ µcility, sociÐ µty can prÐ µvÐ µnt thosÐ µ who arÐ µ manifÐ µstly unfit from continuing thÐ µir kind . . . ThrÐ µÃ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations of imbÐ µcilÐ µs arÐ µ Ð µnough. † (Buchanan 2000, p. 46). PositivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic policiÐ µs covÐ µrÐ µd mÐ µasurÐ µs dÐ µsignÐ µd to Ð µncouragÐ µ thÐ µ procrÐ µation of bÐ µttÐ µr childrÐ µn and thÐ µ promotion of a Ð µugÐ µnic consciÐ µncÐ µ in sociÐ µty. Many positivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnicists tÐ µndÐ µd to bÐ µ social radicals, such as GÐ µorgÐ µ BÐ µrnard Shaw, and wÐ µrÐ µ oftÐ µn inclinÐ µd to utopian visions. Galton, howÐ µvÐ µr, advocatÐ µd a systÐ µm of arrangÐ µd marriagÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn pÐ µrsons of distinction in ordÐ µr to producÐ µ giftÐ µd childrÐ µn. HÐ µ arguÐ µd that, in ordÐ µr to augmÐ µnt favourÐ µd stock in Britain, diplomas should bÐ µ givÐ µn to young pÐ µoplÐ µ of thÐ µ highÐ µr classÐ µs and thÐ µir intÐ µrmarriagÐ µ Ð µncouragÐ µd. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) OnÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of a positivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic programmÐ µ that rÐ µachÐ µd fruition was thÐ µ spÐ µcial matÐ µrnity hospitals and homÐ µs for Ð µxpÐ µctant mothÐ µrs in GÐ µrmany that wÐ µrÐ µ part of HÐ µinrich HimmlÐ µrs LÐ µbÐ µnsborn programmÐ µ. (WÐ µindling 2000) OthÐ µr Ð µxamplÐ µs includÐ µd calls for thÐ µ rÐ µgistration of midwivÐ µs in thÐ µ hopÐ µ that thÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µral standard of childcarÐ µ would bÐ µ improvÐ µd. In thÐ µ UK proposals wÐ µrÐ µ madÐ µ for tax rÐ µbatÐ µs to hÐ µlp covÐ µr thÐ µ costs of matÐ µrnity and child-rÐ µaring, Ð µspÐ µcially for mÐ µritorious familiÐ µs (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995, p.91). Although Ð µugÐ µnics is usually associatÐ µd with right-wing Ð µxtrÐ µmists, thosÐ µ on thÐ µ lÐ µft of thÐ µ political spÐ µctrum wÐ µrÐ µ also sympathÐ µtic to Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µals. ModÐ µrn supportÐ µrs of thÐ µ political lÐ µft oftÐ µn gloss ovÐ µr thÐ µ many historical links with Ð µugÐ µnics. (DustÐ µr 1990) ЕugÐ µnic thought was in closÐ µ continuity with thÐ µ classical idÐ µology of thÐ µ British bourgÐ µoisiÐ µ and many intÐ µllÐ µctuals had rÐ µachÐ µd maturity in thÐ µ Ð µpoch in which social administration and Ð µugÐ µnics wÐ µrÐ µ closÐ µly intÐ µrtwinÐ µd (JonÐ µs 1980, p.170). HowÐ µvÐ µr, World War II and its aftÐ µrmath, during which thÐ µ horrors of mÐ µdical Ð µxpÐ µrimÐ µntation and mass Ð µxtÐ µrmination wÐ µrÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd, is oftÐ µn sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ dÐ µcisivÐ µ factor in thÐ µ rÐ µjÐ µction of Ð µugÐ µnics. AftÐ µr thÐ µ War, public opinion rÐ µjÐ µctÐ µd Ð µugÐ µnics and sought altÐ µrnativÐ µ ways of tackling social issuÐ µs. ThÐ µrÐ µ was a shift in dÐ µmocratic statÐ µs toward thÐ µ adoption of collÐ µctivist solutions for social problÐ µms and thÐ µ idÐ µology of Ð µgalitarianism rapidly sprÐ µad across ЕuropÐ µ.

Pikionis Architect (Spanish) :: Spanish Language Essays

1- BIOGRAFIA 1887 Nace en El Pireo. Hijo de Petros Pikionis y Maria Syriotis. 1908 Se gradà ºa en la Universidad Tecnica Nacional, con el tà ­tulo de Ingieniero Civil. En Munich, estudia dibujo a mano alzada y escultura. Cezanne lo conduce a Paris. 1909/ Vive en Parà ­s 1912 Vuelve a Grecia. Pinta y completa su educacià ³n en Arquitectura. Realiza dibujos de la Arquitectura popular de Aegina. 1921 Construye su primera casa, intentando implementar as ideas que ha formulado en ese tiempo. Casa F.Moraitis, en –tzitzifies, Neo Faliro (posteriormente demolida). 1925 Construye su segunda casa. Casa Karamanos, en la calle Irakleiou 1 (posteriormente demolida). 1929 Pasa tres meses en el estudio sobre el terreno de la Arquitectura popular en Chios, con el proposito de producir un ensayo en francà ©s sobre la Arquitectura urbana de la isla. 1932 Obra: Escuela Primaria de Pefkakia, el Licabetto. 1935 Despuà ©s de este momento, ocurre un cambio en sus conceptos està ©ticos: piensa en las maneras de combinar un espà ­ritu universal con uno nacional. Todos sus proyectos arquitectà ³nicos estarà ¡n basados en este concepto. Obras: Escuela Experimental de Tesalà ³nica. Bloque de Apartamentos en la calle Heyden. 1935/ Publica el perià ³dico â€Å"El tercer ojo†, con Hatzikyriakaos-Ghikas. 1941 Nacimiento de su quinta hija, Agni, la menor. 1943 Es elegido como Profesor Titular de la Universidad Tà ©cnica nacional. 1949 Participa, junto a estudiantes de la Universidad, en un viaje educativo por Egipto. Obras: Casa y Estudio para la escultora F.Efthymiadou (calle Grypari 10, Patisia). 1950/ Participa, junto a estudiantes de la Universidad, en un viaje educativo por Constantinopla, Paris, Italia y Alemania. 1957 Aixioni: dibujos para un modelo de asentamiento griego de casas. Obras: Hotel Xenia Delfos. Residencia C. Potamianos, Filothei. Tratamiento del paisaje de à ¡rea arqueologica alrededor de la Acrà ³polis y de las colinas de Philopappus. Pabellà ³n del Turista, en San Demetrius Loumbardiaris. 1958 Se retira, despà ©s de haber eseà ±ado durante treinta y cinco aà ±os en la Universidad Tà ©cnica Nacional. 1961 Es elegido, por unanimidad, miembro de la Academia de Bella Artes de Munich. Obras: Casa A. Garis, Psychiko. Supervisià ³n de planos y de la Construccià ³n del Jardin de Juegos para nià ±os, Filothei. 1966 Pasa ocho meses en Estados Unidos, debido al estado de salud de su esposa. Reside en Boston y visita Nueva York. 1968 Muere en Atenas, 28 de Agosto. 2- TEORIA Y PENSAMIENTO La arquitectura de Pikionis esta determinada por el lugar y la historia. Pikionis entiende la arquitectura como la modificacià ³n de la naturaleza que el hombre produce al asentarse en esta, no pretende naturalizar las formas de la arquitectura sino una vinculacià ³n entre la arquitectura, pasado y paisaje. - PASADO E HISTORIA: frente a la ideologà ­a del movimiento moderno dominante de su à ©poca, Pikionis fue un arquitecto innovador que fue capaz de relacionar historia y tradicià ³n y ponerlas en valor en su à ©poca.

Advice to Youth Satire

Andy Diaz â€Å"Advice to Youth† The Object of Mark Twain’s article is to point out that the youths of our society are being told to become just like everyone else and that discourages their individuality. He uses sarcasm, so that he can assume the role of an elder in society, the kind of people he attacks, which instructs younger people how to act. Mark Twain does an exemplary job in copying exactly the types of teachings for youth that have been passed down through the ages. The idea of respecting one’s elders has been around for a long time. The article gives expresses of both adult and teen satire. But it mostly, pokes fun at the stereotypical advice and coaching given to youth through the use of firearms. However, the last sentence has a much darker and more of a bitter tone, and attacks the teachings he has just mocked, â€Å"Build your character thoughtfully and painstakingly upon these precepts, and by and by, when you have got it built, you will be surprised and gratified to see how nicely and sharply it resembles everybody else’s. Twain uses satire in describing the story of the boy who almost shoots his grandmother with what he thought was an unloaded gun. Instead of the classic â€Å"life lesson† story where the gun turns out to be loaded and ends up killing someone, he twists it so that the gun isn’t loaded after all and no one gets hurt. The rule at the root of this piece is the idea that individuality should be educated and that rational teachings are normalizing our youth. Mark Twain is great at mocking known teachings because he looks at it from a different angle, not suggesting that they are wrong but rather questioning if they are limiting originality and freedom of thought. Although, he runs into the certain obstacle that people who follow rational wisdom and tell their children the kinds of things he mocks won’t be as open to his argument because he doesn’t preach rational wisdom himself. He uses irrational wisdom to prove his point.

Independent Regulatory Commissions

Independent regulatory commissions are essentially boards and agencies with ties to the government, but entirely separate from the policy making process in order to achieve unbiased information and effective results. They are formed and given power by Congress to regulate a specific industry. Within specific authority granted by Congress, these regulatory commissions have the power to form and enforce their own regulations upon industry. Agencies like the FCC (Federal Communications commission) were created to help regulate the private sector. In 1934 Congress passed the Communications Act, which abolished the Federal Radio Commission and transferred jurisdiction over radio licensing to a new Federal Communications Commission. The FCC’s main mission and obligation is to â€Å"make available so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communication services with adequate facilities at reasonable charges. As stated by the legislation of the Communications Act it states that the FCC was created â€Å"for the purpose of the national defense† and â€Å"for the purpose of promoting safety of life and property through the use of wire and radio communications. Putting the FCC in charge of radio broadcasting and communications regulation our government should be able to get an accurate and unbiased report. Many of today’s regulatory commissions wer e created to be outside the power of both the president and the Congress in their operations. While these committees do get their power through the political process and legislation passed by congress, they operate and act with minimal ties to the national government. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is another one of these agencies. The FAA is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of civil aviation in the U. S. The FAA’s major roles include regulating U. S. commercial space transportation, regulating air navigation facilities' geometry and Flight inspection standards, encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology, issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates, regulating civil aviation to promote safety, especially through local offices called Flight Standards District Offices, eveloping and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft, researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics, and developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation. These regulatory commissions are an important part in overseeing our government’s actions. Government Corporation The Federal Government owned corporations are a separate set of corporations funded and owned by the Federal Government, which operate to provide publ ic services. But unlike the federal agencies, they have a separate legal personality from the Federal Government, providing the highest level of political independence. They sometimes receive Federal budgetary appropriations, but some also have other independent sources of revenue. An example of this is the United States postal Service. The United States Postal Service (USPS) is an agency of the United States government responsible for providing postal service in the United States. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution. Independent Executive Agency Most independent executive agencies are established through separate statutes passed by the Congress, each providing a necessary statutory grant of authority that defines the goals the agency must work towards. These agency rules and regulations, while in force, have the power of federal law. Most executive agencies have a single director, administrator, or secretary who is head of the department. This leadership selection is at the will of the President. A god example of an independent executive agency is the CIA. The Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) min job is to coordinate the intelligence activities of certain government departments and agencies, collect, correlate, and evaluate intelligence information relating to national security, and make recommendations to the United States National Security Council within the Executive Office of the President.

Practical vs. Theoretical essays

Practical vs. Theoretical essays Alexis de Tocqueville was born into a noble French family in 1805. After swearing his allegiance to the new government of France, he and a friend, Gustave de Beaumont, sought and received an assignment to study prison systems in the United States. After his arrival in May of 1831, Tocqueville made some of the cleverest, most enlightening observations anyone has ever made. His outlook on why the Americans were more addicted to practical rather than theoretical science was one of the most interesting. Equality begets in man the desire of judging of everything for himself: it gives him, in all things, a taste for the tangible and the real, a contempt for traditions and for forms. Tocqueville meant that people in America thought for themselves. They could figure out what was actually real, and did not like to follow traditions or go along with what other people thought, said, or did. This quote clearly shows that Tocqueville thought that the American people were obviously more practical than theoretical. He even stated in chapter 10, the chapter covering this issue, that Americans always displayed a clear, free, original, and inventive power of mind. He also went on to state that hardly anyone in the United States devoted himself or herself to the essentially theoretical and abstract portion of human knowledge. In a community thus organized, it may easily be conceived that the human mind may be led insensibly to the neglect of theory; and that it is urged, on the contrary, with unparalleled energy, to the applications of science, or at least to that portion of theoretical science which is necessary to those who make such applications. Alexis de Tocqueville seemed to think that Americans needed to be theoretical from time to time. He thought it would bring them more intellect, and perhaps interest. He also thought that instead of wasting good energy and activity, people should become more theoretical about things...

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buy custom Citizens of America essay Affirmative Actions: History, Critics, Majorities vs. Minorities, and Current Issues Citizens of America hear it all the time even as early as pre-school when they as kids would gather and rise up out of their seats every morning to say the nations pledge: I pledge allegianceto the republic [United States of America]for which it standsone nationwith liberty and justice for all. Even before the pledge of allegiance was officially recognized by congress as our nations creed in 1942, America (post-revolutionary and presently) has always strived to contour socially, politically, and morally to what the very essence of this pledge stood for, as written by Francis and Edward Bellamy in 1892: united American nationalism and trust in its government (Longley, par.1-2). However, America, being the socially diverse and multi-cultural creature it is, its no surprise that such national creeds like the pledge of allegiance will inevitably be interpreted differently amongst citizens (all from a plethora of different backgrounds) even dismissed and disapproved by others, no matter h ow patriotic they claim to be. This especially holds true for the controversial dogma created only by the pledges last two words: For all. After all (though still amended a couple of times before what it states now) the original pledge was supposed to include the words equality and fraternity but the Bellamy boys were smart and omitted the words for knowledge that their primary distributors, as well as many post-civil war readers, were against equality for African Americans and women and for fear that their piece would not be published (Baer, pg.63). Today when comparing other nations from around the globe to theirs, most Americans like to think that everybody is included in every aspect of its nations dream, that since the U.S. runs on a democracy and its society is divided by class and not caste systems, that everybody has a chance at reaching the high points of success stigmatized by the culture of the times. And while this ideal holds true, that every citizen in the U.S. does ha ve a running chance at becoming whatever they want to be in accordance to social standards, it definitely does not mean that every citizen was placed initially on the same starting line as others. This is because even though citizens proclaim things like liberty and justice for all American society as far back 1600s has penalized individuals opportunistic ventures for a better life, job, education, etc. based on things like race, gender, religion, sexual orientations, etc. But as stated before, American society has always tried to contour itself to its early proclamations (e.g. the pledges, for all and the Declarations, all men are created equal) of being an immigrant founded country in which anybody from anywhere can live to pursue happiness and be free from stifling persecutions found in other countries. However, what about persecution that was initialized domestically? Monumental historical events such as the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement, for example, were both domesti c struggles that sought to equalize the American individual racially and push for a new society in which a white, male persecution would be absent and those of minority status can begin to enjoy benefits once previously denied to them. From these events originated other struggles for equality such as Americas Affirmative Action policy and the movement it created in the late 80s (Rubio, 114). The fight for affirmative action is one that, in itself, is also becoming a bit of an American historical movement. This is because affirmative action is basically doing what both the Civil War and Rights Movements aimed to achieve: the suppression of white male supremacy, however, condensing the fight down to workforce sectors and their employment opportunities and hiring regulations while also including other public domains for personal-advancement, such as higher education institutions. As with almost all social movements, affirmative action has been met with vocal proponents and opponents ha rvesting very conflicting views on the subject. The numerous clashing of such oppositions has made Affirmative Action a continually evolving social movement even today. But even given its long history of intensive social and legal battles, Affirmative actions overall mission was/is always to fairly and gradually bring minorities up to that same starting line that white, male Americans have pushed off of for so long. The essence of modern Affirmative Action movements can be traced as far back as past American historically significant events like the slave trades, The Civil War, and the Reconstruction era. Though it is really the period beginning from 1945 to the early 70s and the social, political and legal events that occurred during these years that best represents the most noteworthy evolutionary steps that shaped affirmative action to what it is today. The 1940s was a shaping decade for the United States. After WWII struggles, America during this time was in a state of political and social content and the nation could finally consider itself as a world power and presence (Rubio, 114). The U.S. government now had the responsibility of building itself up domestically. This was primarily through legislation that helped establish new while expanding previous public entities like schools and education, housing, and jobs/employment (Rubio, 114). However the policies that helped enforce this type of funding greatly benefited whites and denied blacks several of their privileges. These unfair government regulations and ordinances is what stirred the first pre-civil rights movements, leading the next decades into a national fight for social/racial equality and opportunistic uniformity. For instance, the regulating of the Federal Housing Administration G.I. Bill (or formally known as the Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944) was preferential to white veterans only it did not explicitly say it (Rubio, 117). Instead the bills guidelines were constructed in a way that only adhered to the needs of white vets while dismissing black veteran needs as unnecessary disallowing the huge beneficial advantages this piece of litigation gave to men returning home from war and their families (Rubio, 117). Black men were not the only ones omitted from the benefits of the G.I. Bill. Women as well felt the discrimination as they too were denied the bills education and employment benefits (Rubio, 118). Of all the disadvantages FHA regulations brought to minorities (more so black men and their families) the most notable would probably be housing aids and the polarity of race in neighborhoods of working and middle class families that came from it. This was due to the G.I. Bills housing financial aid it gave to white veterans which gave them the chance to live in the growing suburbs of America. The growing American dream of the 40s and 50s wa s pictured as a white, financially stable family residing in a peaceful suburb (Rubio, 120). The FHAs ordinances help to spur this American dream notion and slowly more white families felt influenced to move out of the cities, where the danger of nuclear disaster (Cold War scares) and the cohabitation with blacks were absent, and into the suburbs (Rubio, 122). In the end, the FHA (as well as racist contractors who denied their services to black Americans) successfully created homogenized residential areas where entirely almost all of Americas black population lived in the city and whites predominately lived on the peaceful outskirts of it (Rubio, 122). The differences in residency not only showed blacks that their race was not a part of the overall American dream, but it also effected them in other aspects, like job opportunities which in turn effected their income making opportunities as well (Rubio, 122). Even after the popular Shelley v. Kraemer (in which a black man was denied l iving in an all white neighborhood after buying a home because 30 out of 39 owners signed a restrictive covenant which stated no blacks could be able to purchase residence there) FHA discriminatory practices lingered up till 1955 (Shelley v. Kraemer, par. 1)(Rubio, 123-124). Because of governmental administrative injustices like that of the FHA and the social polarity they created against black and white cultures, America during the 50s and 60s was met with black opposition against the unchallenged control of the white man in almost all aspects of American society. These acts of opposition collectively created what Americans know today as the African American Civil Rights Movement. The African American Civil Rights Movement was a definite foundation of modern day affirmative actions practices, the combined sum of Black movements against white privilege produced the compromise with the status quo known today as Affirmative Action (Rubio, 140). Major legal battles, protests, marches and strikes of the Civil Rights Movement helped to bring down barriers created to keep the black American behind the curve. There was the Supreme Court Case Brown v. Board of Education of 1954 in which parents and community groups, backed by the NAACP, filed suits challenging s egregation of public schools. The case was successful in striking down the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson and mandating the desegregation of schools across America (Brown v. Board of Education, par. 3). The decision of Brown led to a racial uproar in the south, where bitter white southerners enacted more measures to distance themselves from black Americans. On the other hand, it gave black southerners the confidence to question the constitutionality of all forms of social/public segregation, not just public education (Montgomery Bus Boycott, par.10). This led to the challenging of southern segregation laws like the Montgomery law, which required racial segregation on all buses (Mntgomery Bus Boycott, par.8). The fight for bus equality ignited when one woman, Rosa Parks, was arrested on December 1, 1955 for refusing to abide by the ordinances of the Montgomery law which states all black bus passengers must give up their seat to accommodate white passengers (). Rosa Parks arrest prompted monumental Civil Rights leaders, such as Jo Ann Robinson, E.D. Nixon, and Martin Luther King to organize what will be later known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, one of the most collectively participated movements of the time. After over a year of legal battles, protesting, boycotting, and picketing the massive boycott was successful and in 1956 Browder v. Gayle district court ruling overturned litigation such as the Montgomery law and stated that segregation of white and negro bus passengers deprives citizens of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (Montgomery Bus Boycott, par.16). The black struggle for equality during the Civil Rights Movement not only led to desegregation of public entities (school, transportation, etc.) but it also helped spur colorblindness within the private sectors as well, like the workforce. This was mostly because black activists efforts were both diligent and highly contagious to public opposition which was, at times, very violent. Being in a time when Cold War fears were high as well, and domestic anarchy a constant worry, America took its first steps to crafting anti-discriminatory litigation and push to make African American full citizens (Rubio, 144). The 1964 Civil Rights Act, for example, was congress initial push for nondiscriminatory practices regarding employment and education and is viewed to be the basic statutory framework for [modern day] affirmative action (Dale, par. 2). The acts Title VII created equal opportunity regulations for public and private employers with 15 or more employees (Dale, par.2). Title VII also for the first time gave judicial power to give relief funds to those deemed as victims of workforce discrimination (Dale, par.2). Though these regulations were created to remedy past discriminatory practices of an employer, they were hardly ever strictly enforced (Dale, par.2). Title VI of the act prohibits racial or ethnic discrimination in all federally assisted programs and activities, including public and private educational institutions (Dale, par.2). It also required schools and colleges to take affirmative action to attain a more diverse student body (Dale, par.2). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was viewed by activists as a good start in integrating races in the work place and schools while also providing some sort of resolve for past discriminatory practices (History of Affirmative Action, par.4). But white backlash and riots of the mid-1960s convinced civil rights leaders that there needed to be more extensive measures to ensure blacks could compete equally with whites (History of Affirmative Action, par.4). After making his historic speech endorsing the need for affirmative action before Howard University, Lyndon Johnson issued Executive order 11246 which [required] firms under contract with the federal government not to discriminate and to use affirmative action so that applicants are employed fairly and employees are treated without regard of their race, creed, color, or national origin (History of Affirmative Action, par.4). Even presently, Executive Order 11246 requires all employers with 50 or more employees and those with federal contra cts of up to $50,000 to file written affirmative action plans that include minority and female hiring goals and timetables (Dale, par.5). The order also helped create administrations like the Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCC) to help enforce this policy (History of Affirmative Action, par.5). Although Johnsons Executive Order 11246 was a clear and definite step towards racial opportunity equality in America, the orders initiative was often too vague to uphold it in court while also making it a bit difficult for the OFCC to enforce it (History of Affirmative Action, par.6). Even though being such a vocal proponent of affirmative action, Johnson left office without any definite, long-term affirmative action (History of Affirmative Action, par. 7). It was now up to the Nixon administration to pick up the issue of affirmative action and to promote the first serious affirmative action plan ... that required government-determined, numerically specific percentages of minorities to be hired (History of Affirmative Action, par.8). Nixons administration did this by reforming an old plan that the Johnson administration had set forth of hiring standards set forth the construction industry in the city of Philadelphia (History of Affirmative Action, par. 8). This plan became known as t he Philadelphia Plan. The most major revamping of the Philadelphia Plan by the Nixon administration was setting minimum standards, or specific targets for minority employees in several trades (History of Affirmative Action, par.8). Overtime, the Philadelphia Plan survived an array of both legal and congressional battles before being viewed as a legitimate piece of legislation (History of Affirmative Action, par.10). Eventually, the Philadelphia Plan was incorporated with Executive Order 11246 which in turn affected all federal government contractors, who were required for the first time to put forth written affirmative action plans with numerical target (History of Affirmative Action, par. 10) . Soon after the Philadelphia Plan was put into action, legislation at the federal and state levels were passed creating new affirmative action plans/implementations using Nixons creation as model (History of Affirmative Action, par.12). This is because of the plans unique dynamic of [mixing] of numerical targets and [the] requirements of good faith effort [which] was a milestone in the history of affirmative action (History of Affirmative Action, par.12). The Philadelphia Plan has helped fuel modern day offshoots of affirmative action legislation which are still currently enforced today (History of Affirmative Action, par.12). Peoples Opinion, Critics, Majorities vs Minorities Affirmative action was received differently by different groups of people within the United States society. At the inception of affirmative action in the United States of America the people were divided on the issue. Some supported it stating that it would help the American society deal with issues of discrimination. On the other hand, a group of people mostly made of the whites rejected affirmative action stating that it would introduce preferential treatment of a certain group of people especially blacks and women to acquire positions that they do not qualify for (CRS Report for Congress, 2005). In the past the majority of US population was white. They enjoyed most of the opportunities while the other groups suffered. White males in the United States enjoyed unfair advantages in school and college admission, employment opportunities, and job promotions. The white community were favoured in places like health facilities and educational facilities because they enjoyed the advantages given to them as the majority. They also enjoyed the right to vote and took leadership roles that allowed them to make important decisions that affect the whole society. Therefore, they did not support affirmative action because they viewed it as an action that would threaten the opportunities they enjoyed. They opposed it completely. They viewed affirmative action as a move that had a preferential treatment for people who did not deserve it (US Census Bureau, 2003). On the other hand, minority groups in the United States comprised of women and racial groups, such as black Americans. These groups supported affirmative action because they viewed it as an action that would help them redress the discrimination and atrocities that had been committed against them. These included the denial of fair education, voting, and employment rights. It was through affirmative action that they would receive fair treatment and enjoy all the rights that were previously disapproved by other people. Affirmative action served as compensation and counterbalance for the tendency to underrate women, blacks, and other members of minority groups. These minority groups had been discriminated to the extent that they remained poor and could not access jobs to earn money to satisfy their basic life necessities. Affirmative action would help redress all these issues. Through civil rights movements and womens rights movements minorities in America fought for the implantation of the affirmative action to ensure that their grievances are redressed amicably (Lader, 2010). Critics of affirmative action oppose affirmative action stating that it gives preferential treatment on certain groups while discriminating on other groups. A notable criticism of affirmative action is the view that affirmative action policies that focus on helping black Americans violate the Fourteenth Amendment of the constitution and civil right laws. Critics state that affirmative action destroys the ground that has been set up for all persons to compete and benefit from. This view is logical when considered in a context that overlooks historical injustices that black Americans and other minority groups including women were subjected to. Other critics of affirmative action state that it stigmatizes and undermines the credentials of other minorities that are qualified in certain areas. They state that affirmative action degrades the effectiveness of qualified persons in minoriity status. However, this view does not make significant difference because it does not introduce stigmas that were not existent in the lives of the minorities. Critics also state that affirmative action was introduced as a temporary program that was meant to start a process of redressing the injustices that minority groups were subjected to before the 1960s. For instance, former governor for California Pete Wilson considered affirmative action a program that gave preferential treatment on the basis of historical injustices not applicable in the present world. Therefore, the use of affirmative action in the present world where all people enjoy similar rights and have a level playing ground to achieve their potential is unfair (Bardes, Mack C. Shelley, Schmidt, 2011). Supporters of affirmative action state that it is the only way to achieve equality among all people in USA. They state that the society exposes people to many forms of inequalities that can only be solved through institutional help, for instance historical injustices. Therefore, affirmative action compensates minorities for the past injustices laid against them. Affirmative action also prevents majority groups from enjoying unearned privileges in education, employment, and other opportunities in the society. It also helps create a fair society discouraging systematic exclusion of people who would have been otherwise excluded from important societal decisions and opportunities. They also state that affirmative action provides all ethnic and racial groups an equal representation at all levels of the society. In addition, it improves group decision-making by discouraging single dominance of entities in the society. There are also people and groups who did not and do not support affirmative action. They state that affirmative action is a type of discrimination in its own way. They state that affirmative action discriminates against non-minority groups by introducing institutional discrimination. They also state that affirmative action fills job places that could have been taken by productive people with less productive people. They also state that by preserving opportunities for minorities, affirmative action destroys the spirit of hard work in the American society (Lader, 2010). President Richard Nixon led supporters of the affirmative action and gave the first forceful plan named Philadelphia Order that would ensure the implementation of the affirmative action. This was a test case that would guarantee fair hiring of people in construction jobs in Philadelphia. This was followed by a series of civil rights movements and womens rights movements that led to the implementation of the affirmative action. All forms of discrimination were fought in job places and educational institutions. Universities such as university of Texas and university of Michigan implemented affirmative action programs in their institutions. All states in the United States of America implemented affirmative action programs. The White House also formulated its guidelines on affirmative action. In response to affirmative action issues presented by the opposing sides the Supreme Court has always based its decisions on public opinion. For instance, in 1995 the public was equally divided in regard to affirmative action. The Supreme Court restricted affirmative action allowing some of its proposals while restricting on others. However, in 2003 the public support for affirmative action overweighed its opposition. Thus, the court permitted certain issues of affirmative action that were not granted in the ruling made in 1995 (CRS Report for Congress, 2005). Current Issues In the 21st century, the United States will become a mosaic of minorities as population dynamics continue to change the demographic landscape. (Sterret, 2005) With our growing rates of immigration increasing steadily the more conflict arises on the issue of affirmative action. Also, with the continuous rise for minority power in the workforce the problem of affirmative action is still very much controversial, which many people choose to shy away from in choosing to speak about it. The use of affirmative action policies in government agencies have been banned by voters in the states of California, Michigan, Nebraska, Washington, and Arizona while Utah is on the brink of doing the same (Not so black, 2010). Proposition 209 came into law in November 1996, which banned every form of discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or ethnicity at any public entity in California. It was the first to come to action on banning affirmative action. ). In 1998, Initiative 200 passed a law in Washington with a 48.22% vote to stop affirmative action by state and local governments. Michigan Proposal 2 prohibits affirmative action programs in state agencies and institutions, which became law in December 2006, with 58% voters supporting to ban this practice (Chace, 2011). Initiative 424 was passed in 2008 in Nebraska with a 48% vote. The Arizona civil rights amendment Proposition 107 was passed in 2010 with a 59.5% to ban affirmative action (Chace, 2011). Higher educational institutions must adapt ways that will create a positive opportunity for all students while achieving excellence. It is a constant struggle for colleges and universities to strive for greater diversity. There have been a lot of unanswered questions in dealing with affirmative action. According to Current Issues Involving Affirmative Action and Higher Education although many agree that the achievement of racial and ethnic diversity in both student bodies and faculties is a desirable goal, there is no agreement on the means that should be used to attain this goal. (Sterret, 2005). In regard to colleges and universities, Sterret explains Arredondos discussion in a study in 2001. It was made evident that although colleges do not admit to using any quotas and separate admissions practices between ethnic backgrounds, it is still used today. However, there is a slow decrease in the use of affirmative action in higher institutional programs. Research shows that public 4-ye ar colleges and universities in the U.S. considering minority status in admissions have fallen from more than 60% to about 35% (Chace, 2011). The Supreme Court was involved in its first affirmative action case in twenty-five years in the year of 2003.The cases involving the University of Michigans law and undergraduate programs stirred up some controversy. In the cases of Grutter v. Bollinger and Grutz v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court ruled that race can be taken into account in the admissions process with an emphasis on individualized consideration. However, limitations were to be made in the admissions criteria dealing with race. University of Michigan stated that, we fought for the very principle that defines our countrys greatness. Year after year, our student body proves it and now the court has affirmed it: Our diversity is our strength. (Peterson, 2003) Despite the Supreme Courts decision in 2003, in 2006, 58% of Michigan citizens voted to restrict all of their universities from using affirmative action (Schaefer, 2011, p. 109). Although the United States have seen a significant increase in diversity amongst colleges and universities, legal and political challenges have already limited affirmative action in California, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, Maryland, Washington, and Georgia (The commission, affirmative, 2003). Therefore, in place of these policies legislation have implemented percentage plans in California, Texas, and Florida. The emphasis is then placed on admission based on a set percentage of the students high school rank instead. In dealing with affirmative action in the workforce, there has been an increase in female elected into office (Leiter Leiter, 2011). There has been an increase from 8% of the state legislative seats to 24%; from 11% of statewide elective positions to 23%; and from 3% of Congress to 17%. These numbers still dont account for the growing population of women however it is a start in the progress of minorities. There has been a shift in 57% of people that said that more women would be a positive change for government. Throughout the past decade there have been a great increase in opposition to affirmative action. This is clearly evident in the various states today that have already went ahead and banned affirmative action policy. The issue on affirmative action has gone under major scrutiny for years and years and it seems that matters will not be completely solved any time soon. Many states politicians are making the move into banning the use of giving preferential treatment in relation to race to acquire various positions. Although the use of affirmative action is being shied away from there still remain numerous amounts of organizations that include race in their selection process. Research does show that there is a positive association between diversity and work-group performance. Diversity creates conditions that can inhibit group interaction processes and group effectiveness. (Kellough, 2007) Although many view diversity as a positive the stance on affirmative action remains unclear. Affirmative action was created to help minorities and women have a place in society. It was created to help those that suffered discrimination in the past to apply for jobs or other opportunities knowing that they at least have a fighting chance. As a result, this topic has been misconstrued and turned into a negative, which causes tremendous controversy. The debate about affirmative action is still one that has not been answered fully. It is only through an open-minded and honest discussion about the topic where a glimpse of achievement can start to shape. Rather than prolonged controversy, citizens and institutions should be willing to engage in a sincere, open dialogue about issues to ensure that future generations also enjoy the American Dream. (Sterret, 2005) Buy custom Citizens of America essay

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Carry out your own research to find a non-financial firm that changed Essay

Carry out your own research to find a non-financial firm that changed its dividend policy over the last few years. Assess the (p - Essay Example One of the key theories that explain the relationship between dividend policy and stock price is the irrelevance of dividend policy, in which Miller and Modigliani (1961) suggest that dividend policy is immaterial when it comes to determination of the shareholders’ wealth. They specifically argued that, without considering market imperfection and taxes; the shareholders’ wealth is not affected in any way. Hakansson (1982) supported the views of Miller and Modigliani by maintaining that dividend do not play any role in the value of the firm, regardless of whether they are informative or not; but this applies only when investors possess time additive utility and homogenous belief as well as when the market is fully efficient. Different empirical studies associated with dividend theory policies do not show consistent results. As such, it is not possible to give a general view as to whether the investors prefer dividend or capital gain. Brigham (2010) asserts that it is the prerogative of the management to decide the dividend policy based on industry trends and the long-term objectives of the organisation, a view that squarely explains the reasons why the management of Apple has dramatically changed its dividend policy. Even so, it is imprudent for the management to rely on any specific theory in determination of dividend policy for the corporations they head, because the best policy depends on different circumstances and times. Irrelevance theory is neutral with regard to preference of either capital gain or dividend payout (Miller and Modigliani, 1961). In this model MM concluded that capital structure does not have any effect on the value of the firm. However, MM II, argued that by introducing corporate taxes in to the first model, it gives rise to tax shields which in turn leads to optimal capital structure (Black, 2006). The paper puts into perspective the issue of dividend policy in the context of Apple Inc. The paper also gives a brief overview of the company, as well as putting into perspective the imminent change in divided policy that has been lined up, and those that have already been implemented. The analysis will also incorporate different theories that have been put across by several researchers regarding the relationship between dividend policy and share price volatility. Company Overview The Apple Company designs, manufactures and markets computers, networking solutions, software, peripherals and services. Among the many available products are portable music players, which they both design and develop. Notwithstanding, they engage in online distribution of television shows, audio books, short films, third-party music-both audio and videos. Apple Inc. (Apple) was founded by Stephen Wozniak and Steve Jobs in the latter’s garage. January 3, 1977 saw the incorporation of Apple. The Apple II computer was then later introduced by the duo later that year at a West Coast Computer Fair in San Francisco (Linzmayer, 1999). Dividend Policy Trend in the Technology Industry Distribution policy refers to Companies’ policies put in place to govern issues of dividend payout. For instance, a company can have either high or low dividend distribution policy to its both preference and ordinary

Historigraphy of the American West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Historigraphy of the American West - Essay Example Alexander Mackenzie and Thomas Jefferson, George Catlin and Paul Kane, Frederic Remington and the North West Mounted Police: the United States West intertwined with the Canadian West - there are thousands f other such moments, innumerable cruxes, and myriad border-crossings. The problem, ever and always, is in how we "Americans" understand these things. (Canadians, f course, are also "Americans" in the sense f being f this continent.) Each f us, Canadians and United States people, living within a national myth borne f exceptionalism, seek to assert our country's historical narrative - especially the narrative f West: expansion - "Westward the Course f Empire Takes Its Way" or, in Canada, the Laurentian thesis propounded to the Canadian Pacific Railway (completed in 1885): Pierre Berton's "The National Dream" (or Gordon Lightfoot's "Canadian Railroad Trilogy) (Kaye). Yet these parallel narratives, historically intertwined as they were, and are, have too infrequently crossed, too infre quently been probed and understood as the interconnected fact-based stories they are. The significance f Jefferson's response to his worried moment over Mackenzie's transcontinental success is clear: the massed bulk f the University f Nebraska Press's The Journals f the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1983-99, 13 vols.) looms, the narrative versions f Lewis and Clark have piled up (though they were slow to start - the first, by Biddle, did not appear until 1814), James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking series stands mythologizing them yet, especially in its third volume, The Prairie (1827). And two words - Undaunted Courage - have recently again broadcast Lewis and Clark throughout the United States through Stephen Ambrose's popular retelling f the story f their voyage f discovery. Yet early in Wallace Stegner's Wolf Willow (1962) - arguably the paradigm border-crossing Western text, a paradigm as autobiography, as history, as art - there is an invocation f the Lewis and Clark expedition on the upper Missouri in May 1805: "They came watchfully," Stegner writes, "for they were the first. They came stiffened with resolution and alert with wonder." "Every river and creek that came in from south or west brought word f the Stony Mountains and the passes that might lead to the Great South Sea; every stream from north or northwest was a possible trail to the Saskatchewan in Prince Rupert's Land. More and more, as they moved westward, the country that lay between them and these desired goals was not merely unknown, it was un rumored" ( 19). Stegner's invocation f Lewis and Clark here - one that is both precise and careful - serves him an important narrative purpose: he places them on the Milk River bluffe (so called because Lewis and Clark renamed them for Euroamerican s), staring northward toward the Cypress Hills, the mythic place f his boyhood in Saskatchewan to which he returns through Wolf Willow. Standing at the apex f the continent, Lewis and Clark, Stegner writes, "would have been looking down the imperceptible hill that led to Hudson Bay" (42). Such a careful placement f these paradigmatic explorers in a paradigmatic text by a writer who was a literal border-crosser, and so also something f a paradigm himself, is indicative. Stegner was born in the United States, he self-identified as American but, having spent his

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Global Warming - Research Paper Example Furthermore, certain agricultural and waste management practices worsen the problem by releasing other global warming gases that are potent such as nitrous oxide and methane. Global warming has both positive and negative effects to human beings and ecosystem as a whole. According to BÃ ¶hringer et al, several studies, shows that the global temperature shows a warming trend. Consequently, based on scientific studies of ice cores, coral reefs and tree rings; a result about the global temperatures increasing is made. Furthermore, starting from the Industrial Revolution in the mid of 1700s, the global average temperatures has increased with emphasize in the past several decades. According to World Meteorological Organization, temperature of global land surface has been ranked warmest from records calculated since 1880. Furthermore, global average temperature has increased over the last century by more than 1Â °F (0.7Â °C). Consequently, the 2001-2010 decade is the warmest since 1880. Actually, nine of the warmest recorded years happened in just the last 10 years. Moreover, this warming has come with a decrease in very cold days and nights and an increase in real hot days and warm nights. For instance; United States, has since recorded daily highs tw ice as frequently recorded daily lows from 2000 to 2009. Consequently, the record shows that some areas of the world are warming at a high rate than others. Generally, the long-term global upward trend is clear. There are signs of global warming seen in the North Pole there include; Sea ice melting, the tundra warming up, glaciers in retreat, some species becoming endangered and disappearing significantly and the sea level rising. According to U.S Geology Survey (2007), it is estimated that changes in sea ice conditions will led to an extinction of nearly 50% of bear’s population in 2050. Naturally, land and

The Persuaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Persuaders - Essay Example One of the more obvious messages in the show was the attitude of competition. This was not just friendly competition, this was dog-eat-dog market warfare. The host talks of "preparing a guerrilla operation" as if going into battle. One of the advertising agents talks about the "fear in the agency business" and the players being "weakened and vulnerable". The tone is set and the message is that business is dead serious. They are not just selling soap; they are marketing high stakes business. In pursuing customers, they have discarded any pretense of the niceties of the fair deal. As one executive put it, "I am much more interested in how you feel than how you think". They are desperately trying to compete for your mind. Getting to the consumer's feelings means portraying a relationship with their culture and becoming more acceptable. This was done in one case by changing the words "estate tax" to the emotionally unacceptable "death tax". Understanding the culture, and what makes it act, prompted one ad executive to "Find out why people join cults and apply that knowledge to brands". Frank Luntz, political ad guru, says nothing in his ads are about political substance. He says, "Everything in here has a relationship to pop culture". Getting to the culture, without mentioning the product, is the advertiser's vehicle to branding. Getting the branding correct and ne

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES - Essay Example It turns employees into expert specialists since there is division of labor. However, it also has its weaknesses since people in this structure tend to approve all type of communication as they pass all hierarchies. If the hierarchy is rigid, there is lack of autonomy since hire-ups are required to approve decisions and they may be far from the customer. Ferreira (2009) suggests that there may arise interdepartmental rivalry as they grow in size and this may result in favoritism that benefits departments and not the institutions. Uher (2009) explains that the concept of boundaryless organization has had an impact in the global world since they are not limited to vertical, horizontal, or external boundaries that are usually predetermined. The cross functional teams dissolves their horizontal barriers and the external alliances transcend the firm boundaries together with their relationships. This enables the company to respond fast to environmental changes and be able to spearhead innovation .This boundaryless environments are found in learning organizations where teams self organize and create an environment where knowledge is easily shared in effective

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tort Law - Essay Example The basis of this case was the fact that Shama LLC made new modification to the original equipment without informing him. However, the original owner claimed that he owed no duty to the plaintiff’s employer. The California court of appeal ruled out that Becker Bros. steel and Shama LLC are separate entities. In addition, all components of the machine were the property of the current employer. Shama LLC was therefore required to compensate Garcia for the injuries caused by the machine. Tort issues generally occur in daily life although people lack initiatives to take legal actions. Consumer protection is a major issue that arises in our daily lives. Wrongful advertisements or advertisements that do not reveal the side effects of a product are example of tort cases that occur in our daily lives. Junk foods are known to have long term negative effects on consumers particularly children. Advertisements on the media fail to include their side effects or negativities. Most of such advertisement use happy and healthy people making consumers to lack consideration for any possible consequences of such products. Junk food manufacturing companies needs to be prosecuted for the resultant problems that affect children who become addicted to their

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES - Essay Example It turns employees into expert specialists since there is division of labor. However, it also has its weaknesses since people in this structure tend to approve all type of communication as they pass all hierarchies. If the hierarchy is rigid, there is lack of autonomy since hire-ups are required to approve decisions and they may be far from the customer. Ferreira (2009) suggests that there may arise interdepartmental rivalry as they grow in size and this may result in favoritism that benefits departments and not the institutions. Uher (2009) explains that the concept of boundaryless organization has had an impact in the global world since they are not limited to vertical, horizontal, or external boundaries that are usually predetermined. The cross functional teams dissolves their horizontal barriers and the external alliances transcend the firm boundaries together with their relationships. This enables the company to respond fast to environmental changes and be able to spearhead innovation .This boundaryless environments are found in learning organizations where teams self organize and create an environment where knowledge is easily shared in effective

The airing of V for Vendetta on Chinese state television- its positive Essay

The airing of V for Vendetta on Chinese state television- its positive and negative effects on the Chinese people, media and cen - Essay Example Now with the media event in China, the movie has become bone of contention among the common Chinese people and Beijing elite groups alike, and it is likely to cause notable impacts on the Chinese media and population as a whole. The Hugo Weaving and Natalie Portman starred film is set in a fictional English community, and exposes a daring, charming freedom fighter known as ‘V’ (Vigilante), who initiates a revolution against a futuristic authoritarian regime. The James McTeigue directed movie is based on the 1982 comic book V for Vendetta written by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. It depicts a futuristic situation in Britain where V has to use radical tactics to fight the oppressive fascist state to regain the state’s freedom. Another main character of the story is Evey, a young woman who is rescued by V from a crucial life-and death condition. As the story progresses, she also identifies her role in the mission carried out by V and voluntarily joins him. V wears the m ask of Guy Fawkes and invites all the people to join him to blow up the parliament and thereby regain freedom and justice. Although V’s activities are genuine and reasonable, the corrupt Chancellor deems them as acts of terrorism. The movie begins reminding the event when Guy Fawkes plotted to destroy the parliament and the king in order to regain catholic sovereignty in England. The movie really intends to criticise the traditional tactics (fear and the voice of God) used by the government to create a feeling that the wrath of God will soon avenge who went against the regime. (Source: The Hollywood Reporter). In this context, the airing of the movie V for Vendetta raises numerous questions with regard to the Chinese censorship laws and entertainment policies. The Chinese government has been very much concerned about preserving its political authority and hence maintained a tight rein on traditional and new media so as to prevent any potential threats from their part. The gov ernment has very often entailed strict media controls which involved but not limited to using monitoring systems, shutting down publications or websites, jailing etc. As Bennet (2013) points out, China's censorship of its media has been getting attention recently when  Southern Weekly, a liberal-leaning paper based in Guangzhou, staged an extensive confrontation with the government. Google's battle with the Chinese government over Internet censorship in China is another example. However, as many thinkers believe, the airing of the controversial film indicates China’s attempt to balance its media controlling power with the growing need for information. In other words, it seems that China is badly in need of press freedom while at the same time worried about the impacts the liberalisation would bring upon the economy. The airing of the V for Vendetta would be counted as a remarkable event in the history of Chinese media. The event got wide media coverage and multiple response s around the globe. As The Guardian reported dated 20th December 2012, ‘after the telecast, China's internet crackled with quotes of a famous catchline from the movie: â€Å"People should not be afraid of their governments. Governments should be afraid of their people"’. The reports indicate that people at the helm of affairs were not very much

Was the American civil inevitable Essay Example for Free

Was the American civil inevitable Essay Among all the historical events that have taken place in the history of the United States, the civil is ranked as the most important. From the day when the first gun shot was fired at Fort Sumter in 1861, the civil war changed the history of the United States forever. A lot of books have been written on this important topic with different authors giving different opinions (Guelzo, 2012). Based on this, there has never been consensus among Americans on whether the civil war was inevitable or not. Although there had been years of tension between the northern and southern states, the war erupted after a number of southern states made public their desire to break away from the union. The breakaway states formed what was known as the Confederacy while those that remained loyal in the union were known as the union. The first reason why the American civil war was inevitable was slavery. For a long time, the main economic activity in the southern states was agriculture. The demand for increased cotton production came in1793 after when Eli Whitney discovered the first mechanical gin. Although there were slaves in the united even before the eruption of the civil war, the number of slaves in the country grew by large proportions after the gin was discovered. On their part, the northern states were not agricultural and very few of them had slaves. These states were opposed to slavery and were pushing for abolition (Wagner et al, 2002). This ideological difference on the topic of slavery among the northern and southern states made the civil inevitable. The southern states were not ready to abolish slavery because that would have a huge impact on their economy. In addition, they felt that the northern states were infringing on their right to economic growth. None of the two states was ready to soften o n their as far as the issue of slavery was concerned and this made the civil war inevitable. The second factor that made the American civil war inevitable was the increased sectionalism among different states. As noted earlier, there were major ideological differences between the northern and southern states on a number of issues. Although sectionalism had existed in the country for a long time, it reached dangerous heights between 1800 and 1860. The northern states that were more industrialized than the southern ones became more economically powerful and built better cities. This made the southern states whose economy was agriculture based envious (Wagner et al, 2002). However, the fortunes of the southern states changed after the discovery of gin which created more demand for cotton. As abolition gained widespread attention, the southern states were living in constant fear of revolts by the slaves. In support of their stand, the southerners argued that they were preserving the culture passed down to them from the founding fathers of the country many of whom owned slaves. T hese differences caused a major rift in the largest denominations in the country namely Baptist, Presbyterian and Methodists. In addition, it resulted in a mass movement of whites from the south to the north making the south adopt a hard-line political position. The third factor that made the American civil war inevitable was the increasing protectionism between the northern and southern states. As noted earlier, there were huge economic differences between the northern and southern states. Whereas agriculture was the main economic activity in the southern states, the economy of the northern states was based on industries. Despite the increasing campaign against slavery in the northern states, the southern states were not ready to abolish. This was because the slaves offered cheap labor therefore eliminating any need to incur costs on mechanization. In addition, the southerners did not see any need for industrialization and were comfortable with buying manufactured products from other parts of the country instead of building industries (Guelzo, 2012). Although the economy of the northern states was doing well, their industries were faced increased completion from the full fledged European industries. More importantly, this made it hard for t hem to compete for cotton with Europeans who were offering very high prices for cotton from the south. Based on this, the northern states were in favor of trade tariffs and protectionism while the southerners were opposed to it. On their part, the southerners were in favor of free trade. These differences created negative competition between the two sides culminating in the civil war (Fuller, 2008). The years preceding the civil witnessed a territorial expansion of the country through acquisition of new lands. Many of the new territories entered the union as slave states and the southerners wanted to acquire more slaves to work on these new lands. On their part, the northerners wanted to stop any further acquisition of slave territories (Stampp, 1990). This resulted in bitter disputes between the two sides making the civil war inevitable. In conclusion, there were major ideological differences between the northern and southern states prior to the outbreak of the war. These differences were difficult to resolve amicably due to the hard-line stances adopted by both sides. The major central issue that caused the tensions between the northern and southern states was slavery. The northerners were opposed to slavery while the southerners believed it part of cultural inheritance. References Bestor, Arthur (1964). The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis. American Historical Review Edward Pessen (1980). How Different from Each Other Were the Antebellum North and South .The American Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 5. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1853242 Fuller, Howard J (2008). Clad in Iron – The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press Guelzo, Allen C. (2012). Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Covers Holt, Michael F. (2004). The fate of their country: politicians, slavery extension, and the coming of the Civil War Hill and Wang, New York. Krannawitter, Thomas L. (2008). Vindicating Lincoln: Defending the Politics of Our Greatest President. Rowman Littlefield, London. Miller, William L. (2009). Abraham Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman Vintage Books. Quarstein, John V. (1999). The Battle of the Ironclads. Arcadia Publishing Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990). America in 1857: a nation on the brink. Oxford University Press, New York. Wagner, Margaret E. Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman (2002). The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference . Source document

Moral and Ethical Implications of Gun Ownership

Moral and Ethical Implications of Gun Ownership Have Gun, Will Travel . . . to Work Do you have a moral, not only a legal, right to own a gun? Assume that either the Second Amendment or state law gives you a legal right to keep a gun in your car when you drive. Do you also have a moral right to do this? Do you have either a moral or a legal right to park a car with a loaded gun in a privately owned public parking lot regard-less of what the lot’s owner wants? I as a citizen am of the opinion that I do have a moral right to own a gun. I earn a right to protect myself from any danger or threat, legally. Therefore It is morally acceptable too if somebody wants to own a gun without hurting the innocent. When the state law allows a person legally to keep the gun, it is morally correct to have the gun in the car or anywhere else until and unless the owner of the place does not have any problem with it. But in conditions where the owner of the parking-lot doesn’t support the decision, it is legally and morally incorrect to practice your own will in somebody else’s property. . In your view, do employees have either a moral or a legal right to park cars with guns in them in the company parking lot? If so, what about the property rights and safety concerns of employers? If employees don’t have this right, would it be good policy for companies to allow them to stow guns in their cars anyway? Do companies have good grounds for being concerned about weapons in their parking lots? In my opinion, employees have the moral and legal right to park cars with guns in the company parking lot if the company allows. If the company I concerned about the property rights and safety issues of the employers and stops the employees to stow the guns in the cars, it is legally incorrect and the employees would be charged of practicing illegal acts without the consent of the owner. Companies have grounds for being concerned about the issues as any kind of mishap can take place in the parking area if the place would be loaded with guns and therefore the company would be held responsible for the issue. In order to avoid that, companies have all the right to stop the employees from stowing guns without their permission. 3. Do you agree with the NRA that if companies ban guns from their parking lots, this restriction would take â€Å"a wrecking ball to the Second Amendment† or nullify the right of people to have weapons for self- defense? Explain why or why not. In your view, have gun advocates been guilty of politicizing this issue? Do you think state legislatures are right to get involved, or should the matter be left to companies and employees to settle? I agree with NRA that if the companies ban guns from their parking lots, this would nullify the right of the people to have weapons for self-defense, because even though the second Amendment allows the use of guns foe the self-defense, it does not allow to practice something without permission of the owner on a private property. Therefore In my view, the gun advocates should have been guilty because there is no second thought about it. If the owner does not allow the guns, they cannot be forced. Rules are defined by the owner of the property. State legislatures should not get involved in the matter as the legislature allows the keeping of guns and also to abide the rules of the owner. Therefore it is a matter of the employee and the companies to handle the issue. Because the workplace is the company’s private property, the company could choose, if it wished, to allow employ-ees to bring guns not only into the parking lot but also into the workplace itself. Are there ever circumstances in which doing so might be reasonable? Or would the presence of guns automatically violate the rights of other employees to be guaranteed a safe working environment? If the company does not allow the employees to bring guns into the parking lot, there is no condition that it might be reasonable to bring in the guns until and unless the company allows the particular employee or all the employees to stow in their guns on a given day. Otherwise it will be against the law and would be illegal. It would violate the laws and the rights of the other employees. Rule defined by the companies is that do not put guns in the cars, then keeping them would be considered a violation of the rule. What would a libertarian say about this issue? What considerations would a utilitarian have to take into account? What conclusion might he or she draw? The libertarian would be against the ban on having guns in the cars of the parking lots of the companies as their basic concern would be the employee’s right to keep whatever the state has allowed him to. He will be of the opinion that the employees can keep anything they want to keep themselves safe from any sort of danger on their way from home and office. They have a right to protect themselves on their own. He would conclude that the companies are irrational in putting such demands and they are being self-centered by not giving a thought to the employee’s security. The state should be involved in the matter as if the state allows the legal right to keep the guns, the companies should not prohibit it. If you were on a company’s board of directors, what policy would you recommend regarding handguns, rifles, or other weapons in employees’ cars? In making your recommendation, what factors would you take into account? Would it make a difference how large the company was, the nature of its workforce, or where it was located? If you support banning firearms from the parking lot, what steps, if any, do you think the company should take to enforce that policy? If I were on the company’s board of directors, I would make a policy to partially ban the stowing of guns and rifles in the cars. I would suggest to make a safe place where every day my employees who wish to keep their guns with them can deposit them and can claim those on their way back to home. Keeping the guns in the parking lot is not safe, therefore they can be kept in a well-guarded place. This would please the employees that their issues are taken care of and thus wont effect the company’s policies as well. The nature of workforce and the location would not make a difference as the policies are same everywhere. Explain whether (and why) you agree or disagree with the following argument: â€Å" If employees have a right to keep guns in the parking lot, then they also have a right to bring them into workplace. After all, we’re only talking about licensed, responsible owners, and the same rationale applies: An employee might need a weapon for self- protection. What if a lunatic starts shooting up the company?† No I do not agree with the argument mentioned above as that is totally based on the owners will that what does he/she permits its employee’s and to what extent. If the company allows the employee’s to bring in the guns in the parking lot and does not allow the guns in the company, the employees cannot practice that. No body earns a right to practice something on other’s property without the permission of the owner. The safety concerns of the company are justified and I support the decision of the company. It is the responsibility of the company to take care of its employees. Union Discrimination: Assuming the Foundation’s description of the case is accurate, was Paul Robertson treated unfairly? Was this a case of discrimination? If Robertson was an â€Å"at- will† employee, does he have any legitimate grounds for complaint? Considering the given issue and assuming that the description is accurate, I am of the opinion that yes Paul Robertson was treated unfairly. No state rules that if the employee does not join a union or pay union dues, he or she cannot work. It is the basic human right that he can work without any external policies. It is up to the employee if he/she wants to get associated with a union or not. Companies cannot force or make a deal with the union that they will hire only employees that will deal with union. It was a strong case of discrimination as Paul Robertson was deprived of his basic rights without any legal reason. If Robertson was an â€Å"at-will† employees he might not have any legitimate grounds for the complaint as he won’t be treated differently and unjustly and would to be able to complain. Does it make a difference to your assessment of the case whether someone like Robertson knows, when he accepts a job, that he must join the union or that non- union employees will be the first to be laid off? No, this might not make any difference to my assessment as any company cannot put such allegations on the employees. It is on the free will of the employees that they could join or do not join the union. The employees are hired on the basis of their skills and aptitude regardless of the fact that they will join the union or not. This an extreme case of discrimination as the future employees are judged on the basis of their willingness to join the union or not despite of their skills and hard work. My assessment that this is a case of discrimination would remain intact even in the given scenario. If union employees negotiate a contract with management, part of which specifies that management will not hire non- union employees, does this violate anyone’s rights? Would a libertarian agree that the resulting union shop was perfectly acceptable? Libertarian would never agree on this company and union setup. Every person should be hired for a job he is eligible of and fills in the criteria. Keeping such restrictions would be a biased decision and the violation of human rights. Every person has the freedom to choose what they want. This is not an acceptable scenario. A person should be rejected from a job if he doesn’t have the skills to fulfill the job not on the basis of tagging them as union or non-union employees. Presumably Paul Robertson could have joined the union, but he chose not to. What principle, if any, do you think he was fighting for? Assess the union charge that people like Paul Robertson are â€Å"free riders† who want the benefits and wages that unionization has brought but try to avoid paying the dues that make those benefits and wages possible. Paul Robertson could have joined the union but he did not because he was fighting against the discrimination policy that the company had utilized. His basic fight was for the rights that he possess even if he does not join the union. The Union’s charge of Paul Robertson as a â€Å"free rider† is inacceptable ad vague. The wages and the benefits that employees like Paul Robertson enjoy are the benefits they get because of their hard work and their job. They do not need to be associated with any union to get tat. Those are the benefits they earn it through hard work. What do you see as the likely motivations of Bechtel Power and the union? How would they justify their conduct? The Bechtel Power and the union wished to hire the employees that would join the union and pay the union in order to earn money and increase the union employees. They would justify their conduct that they offered Paul Robertson to join the union if the employee cannot meet the demands of the organization, the company bears the right to fire him/her. The company would justify by implying that meeting the criteria of the company is the basic need of the company and Paul or employees who do not join the union are not meeting the criteria so it is not a discrimination case if they do not hire such individuals. Why did the Foundation run this ad? Is the ad anti- union propaganda? Do you think the Foundation is sincerely interested in the rights of individual workers? Or is it simply interested in weakening unions vis- à  - vis management? In my opinion, the foundation run this ad to help the people and to aware those individuals that actions are taken against the discrimination. It is not an anti- union propaganda but an effort to help the individual workers who are deprived of their basic rights. The foundation is boosting the people to speak up for their rights and building a trust that they are there to help them in such circumstances and they should fight for their basic rights. The aim of the ad is not to target the union or to propagate against the union. It was to highlight the issues of the individuals. Assess union shops from the moral point of view. What  ­conflicting rights, interests, and ideals are at stake? What are the positive and negative consequences of permitting union shops? Morally, the union shops are incorrect. The rights of individuals are at stake. The right to work without any restriction is sacrifices. Even form the company’s point of view it might lose hardworking individuals because they might not be willing to join the unions. The company could be at stake too with such restrictions. The positives of permitting union shops is that the company could bloom with the employees paying the union charges but keeping in account the negatives, it might lose skilled employees and only those will be hired that would be willing to accept the union and pay charges.

Could The Suicide be The Executive after a life of failure? :: English Literature

Could The Suicide be The Executive after a life of failure? Although The Suicide might not be The Executive after a life of failure, there is strong evidence that he is. The Suicide might not be the Executive for an obvious reason and that is that the poets are different. Louis McNeice might not have read John Betjeman’s poem ‘The Executive’ and this could just be a coincidence but I strongly believe the poets are talking about the same person. There is good evidence that ‘The Suicide’ is ‘The Executive’. One good point is that they are both set in the late 60’s. ‘The Executive’ is because it says ‘I do some mild developing. The sort of place I need is a quiet country market town ’, he is saying he needs a small town so it is easier to get away with. ‘That’s rather run to seed’, this is a metaphor that the town has got past it’s prime and not spending money anymore like the flower – all its efforts go into making seeds then after that it has gone past its prime and its pretty much useless. This is the 60’s because there was not a licence of housing until after this period of time. No one could just knock down buildings then. Another aspect of the poem, which makes you consider it is in the 60’s, is that Betjeman has written in his poem ‘I have a Slimline briefcase’, which were only used around that time because they are like the equivalent of modern palmtops. Therefore, if the Executive was so rich he would have the best up to date technology to show off for work. In ‘The Suicide’ it indicates that it is set in the 60’s because McNeice writes in his poem ‘Through which he had wandered deliciously till he stumbled’, which is a 60’s song. ‘The executive’ was so high flying, so cocky and arrogant. Betjeman is satirising The Executive. He was so insecure about his life he had to go talk himself up to strangers who probably don’t even care. ‘I am a young executive’ this line shows he was talking to an older person and it was not a woman because they were not any businesswomen then. You can tell immediately that he is trying to sell himself to this other person just from two lines ‘No cuffs than mine are cleaner; I have a slimline briefcase and I use the firms Cortina’. He’s trying to say he is so successful and rich he can afford all these expensive, modern items like by saying ‘I’ve got a scarlet Aston Martin-and does she go?

Money: Crime and Great Gatsby

Jonathan Marshall Ms. Herring English 11 – Great Gatsby Essay 3/27/13 Period 5 Dark Side of Money There's only one thing that truly rules our world that we live in today. It's what pretty much everybody strives for, and it's the only reason why people want to be successful. Some believe it brings happiness and joy. This â€Å"thing† is a necessity for life; it's money. Money is what makes the world go around. It is the one thing that each and every person on Earth wishes they had more of. However, what most of these people don't realize is that money is also the root to all evil.The book â€Å"The Great Gatsby† portrays this theme in a lot of different ways. This negative idea towards money consists of jealousy, unequal power, and murder; all caused by money. In the same ways and more, money is the root to all evil in our own society as well. Many crimes occur with some sort of direct relation to money. Although everybody strives for more money, not everybody spe nds it wisely or legally. Unfortunately, the book â€Å"The Great Gatsby† and these real life examples are true depictions of reality and everyday lfie.Robberies are often committed in our own communities because of individuals seeking money. There are many examples of this including the â€Å"Luger Bandit† in Los Angeles whos has robbed many banks recently. The latest case was on March 10, 2013. He simply walks into a Wells Fargo bank with a gun, makes the costumers lay on the floor, and forces the employees at gunpoint to put money in his bag. Soon, this man will be arrested and thrown into prison. This kind of action will affect many of his family and friends.These robberies can easily turn worse by the pulling of a trigger. Any unfortunate person that was at the wrong place at the wrong time could die. This would mean that that innocent individual died just because of a man's criminal pursuit for money. Another type of criminal activity caused by the pursuit for mo ney in our community is when someone steals from another. An example of this is when two women were robbed at gunpoint in their home in Indiana. Those two women are now scarred for life and will never be able to forget this horrific event.Once again, lives are damaged dramatically by criminals looking for money. It's evident that the power of money often drives people to commit evil crimes. This power of money is demonstrated in â€Å"The Great Gatsby†. Gatsby draws alot of attention to himself because of his wealth. Alot of people look up to him, and want to have the amount of wealth he has. In order to get this money, Gatsby got involved with the mob and organized crime. So Gatsby risked his life by making criminal decisions so he can become wealthy.Money influenced Gatsby to make these decisions with his life, which clearly shows that money is truly the root to all evil. There are multiple cases when people with wealth tend to be more selfish and stuck up. Tom and Daisy in â€Å"The Great Gatsby† can be examples to this idea. Nick explains to us towards the end of the book that Tom and Dasiy are careless, and that they leave messes behind and count on others to fix it for them. If they didn't have the amount of money that they have, they wouldn't be able to do this. Tom and Daisy would appreciate things more, instead of being selfish.The money is obviously the cause to their attitude towards others. A real life example of this is when a wealthy individual has a hired maid to clean up after them. The maid's job is to clean up any mess that this person or their family makes. This type of case shows that wealthy people tend to be more lazy and have less responsibilities because they have other people to do it for them. Without all that money, they wouldn't be able to do that. They'd have to clean up and have the same amount of responsibilities as the average person.These examples from â€Å"The Great Gatsby† and real life definitely repres ent society in general, because crimes are committed everywhere all the time in search for money. According to statistics, 20 banks are robbed every day and 45 houses are broken into every hour in the United States. With the percent of poverty and unemployed people in need for money increasing, I don't see these rates dropping anytime soon. If anything it could get worse. Our society is simply doomed, we have no hope. On the other side of the story, the people with money spoil themselves by spending it the wrong ways.Alot of wealthy people choose to go to bars, stripclubs, and prostitution houses. It may be legal, but they're still unwise decisions. Also, the amount of drug abuse continues to increase. In fact, the rate of illegal drug use rose last year to the highest level in nearly a decade. How do people recieve these drugs? They pay for it with money. Without all that money, they wouldn't be able to afford those illegal drugs. It is clear that we can't really do anything to avo id these problems in our society.It'll continue to happen no matter what. Money is very powerful, it rules our world. It tends to control people and take over their minds. This shows in stats of crimes and what those people, lucky enough to have money, do with the money. Impatient people who aren't satisfied with the amount of money that they already have attempt to take the easy way out by robbing banks, houses, cars etc. The wealthy individuals make unwise decisions and become lazy because of the money. There's no doubt, money is the root to all evil.